Before the
ship steering wheel was implemented, ships were fitted with what was called a whip staff- a truly insufficient device for navigating a ship. However, the ship steering wheel was not standard on ships until very late in the development of the ship itself. Before this, the old whip staff technology was used for many centuries. Although the true history of the ship steering wheel's invention is somewhat of a mystery, it is widely believed that it was created by the British Royal Navy. While this is the "official" story, many historians contest that the actual ship wheel was more likely invented by common dock hands and artisans rather than the British military itself. To get the complete story of the ship wheel's invention, the archives at the Greenwich National Maritime Museum has a complete official record of the ship steering wheel's invention.
The first ship steering wheel is widely believed to have been implemented at the beginning of the 18th century, around 1703. This date is only conjecture, however, based on several known ships of that time that are seen to make use of early versions of the ship wheel. If 1703 is the first time ships are seen to be implementing the new steering wheel, it may well have been invented many years before that and simply required time to become accepted into the mainstream.
The First Ship Steering Wheels
Early ship steering wheels sat above the tiller's end and behind the mizzen mast. Unfortunately, due to this placement the officer charged with steering the ship often had his view blocked by the masts of the ship. Originally, the ship wheel was placed in front of a cylindrical barrel. From there it was operated by two men when conditions such as heavy storms required extra hands. Unfortunately, having two men steering the ship simultaneously in a small space often had them colliding and jockeying for position. This kind of conflict caused many ships to start being manufactured with two separate ship wheels in order to accommodate two men steering simultaneously.
One other common issue was an uneven amount of slack given to the tiller ropes. Because of this, the rope would become hauled to one side causing the angle of the center line of the ship to become altered. It took about 70 years until Pollard, Master Boat builder at Portsmouth Dockyard, would introduce a new system to address this flaw in design. Pollard's novel method of keeping the ship centered made use of "sweeps and rowles", an apparatus that kept the tiller ropes taught in adverse conditions. Pollard's system was a critical success, and it became used as the standard by 1775.
To this day it is not entirely clear how the ship wheel evolved during the 18th century. Regardless, the ship wheel survives as an important piece of maritime history. Not only does this important artifact maintain its place in history, it also serves many modern day collectors as a necessary part of any
tropical home decor collection.